In Esper, an event can be represented by any of the following underlying Java objects (NEsper .NET, see Section C.6, “.NET Event Underlying Objects”):

Sometimes an event can have properties that are itself events. Esper uses the term fragment and fragment type for such event pieces. The best example is a pattern that matches two or more events and the output event contains the matching events as fragments. In other words, output events can be a composite event that consists of further events, the fragments.

Fragments have the same metadata available as their enclosing composite events. The metadata for enclosing composite events contains information about which properties are fragments, or have a property value that can be represented as a fragment and therefore as an event itself.

Fragments and type metadata can allow your application to navigate composite events without the need for using the Java reflection API and reducing the coupling to the underlying event representation. The API is further described in Section 15.6, “Event and Event Type”.

For NEsper .NET also see Section C.7, “.NET Object Events”.

Plain-old Java object events are object instances that expose event properties through JavaBeans-style getter methods. Events classes or interfaces do not have to be fully compliant to the JavaBean specification; however for the Esper engine to obtain event properties, the required JavaBean getter methods must be present or an accessor-style and accessor-methods may be defined via configuration.

Esper supports JavaBeans-style event classes that extend a superclass or implement one or more interfaces. Also, Esper event pattern and EPL statements can refer to Java interface classes and abstract classes.

Classes that represent events should be made immutable. As events are recordings of a state change or action that occurred in the past, the relevant event properties should not be changeable. However this is not a hard requirement and the Esper engine accepts events that are mutable as well.

The hashCode and equals methods do not need to be implemented. The implementation of these methods by a Java event class does not affect the behavior of the engine in any way.

Please see Chapter 16, Configuration on options for naming event types represented by Java object event classes. Java classes that do not follow JavaBean conventions, such as legacy Java classes that expose public fields, or methods not following naming conventions, require additional configuration. Via configuration it is also possible to control case sensitivity in property name resolution. The relevant section in the chapter on configuration is Section 16.4.1.3, “Non-JavaBean and Legacy Java Event Classes”.

public class NewEmployeeEvent {
	public String getFirstName();
	public Address getAddress(String type);
	public Employee getSubordinate(int index);
	public Employee[] getAllSubordinates();
}

every NewEmployeeEvent(firstName='myName')
every NewEmployeeEvent(address('home').streetName='Park Avenue')
every NewEmployeeEvent(subordinate[0].name='anotherName')
every NewEmployeeEvent(allSubordinates[1].name='thatName')
every NewEmployeeEvent(subordinate[0].address('home').streetName='Water Street')

select firstName, address('work'), subordinate[0].name, subordinate[1].name
from NewEmployeeEvent
where address('work').streetName = 'Park Ave'

select price from MyEvent

select NAME from MyEvent

select itemDesc from MyEvent

select q from MyEvent

select QN from MyEvent

select qn from MyEvent

select s from MyEvent

public class NewEmployeeEvent {
  public String getName();
  public Iterable<EducationHistory> getEducation();
  public Map<String, Address> getAddresses();
}

select name, education, education[0].date, addresses('home').street
from NewEmployeeEvent

public class MyEvent {
  private Map props = new HashMap();
  private Object[] array = new Object[10];

  public void setProps(String name, Object value) {
    props.put(name, value);
  }

  public void setArray(int index, Object value) {
    array[index] = value;
  }
  // ... also provide regular JavaBean getters and setters for all properties

update istream MyEventStream set props('key') = 'abc', array[2] = 100

For NEsper .NET also see Section C.8, “.NET IDictionary Events”.

// Define CarLocUpdateEvent event type (example for runtime-configuration interface)
Map<String, Object> def = new HashMap<String, Object>;
def.put("carId", String.class);
def.put("direction", int.class);

epService.getEPAdministrator().getConfiguration().
  addEventType("CarLocUpdateEvent", def);

select carId from CarLocUpdateEvent.win:time(1 min) where direction = 1

// Create a CarLocUpdateEvent event and send it into the engine for processing
Map<String, Object> event = new HashMap<String, Object>();
event.put("carId", carId);
event.put("direction", direction);

epRuntime.sendEvent(event, "CarLocUpdateEvent");

Map event = new HashMap();
event.put("txn", txn);
event.put("account", account);
epRuntime.sendEvent(event, "TxnEvent");

select account.id, account.rate * txn.amount 
from TxnEvent.win:time(60 sec) 
group by account.id

epService.getEPAdministrator().getConfiguration().
    addEventType("AccountUpdate", accountUpdateDef, 
    new String[] {"BaseUpdate"});

// Receive BaseUpdate and any subtypes including subtypes of subtypes
select * from BaseUpdate

Map<String, Object> updatedFieldDef = new HashMap<String, Object>();
updatedFieldDef.put("name", String.class);
updatedFieldDef.put("addressLine1", String.class);
updatedFieldDef.put("history", UpdateHistory.class);
epService.getEPAdministrator().getConfiguration().
    addEventType("UpdatedFieldType", updatedFieldDef);

Map<String, Object> accountUpdateDef = new HashMap<String, Object>();
accountUpdateDef.put("accountId", long.class);
accountUpdateDef.put("fields", "UpdatedFieldType");	
// the latter can also be:  accountUpdateDef.put("fields", updatedFieldDef);

epService.getEPAdministrator().getConfiguration().
    addEventType("AccountUpdate", accountUpdateDef);

Map<String, Object> updatedField = new HashMap<String, Object>();
updatedField.put("name", "Joe Doe");
updatedField.put("addressLine1", "40 Popular Street");
updatedField.put("history", new UpdateHistory());

Map<String, Object> accountUpdate = new HashMap<String, Object>();
accountUpdate.put("accountId", 10009901);
accountUpdate.put("fields", updatedField);

epService.getEPRuntime().sendEvent(accountUpdate, "AccountUpdate");

select accountId, fields.name, fields.addressLine1, fields.history.lastUpdate
from AccountUpdate

Map<String, Object> sale = new HashMap<String, Object>();
sale.put("userids", int[].class);
sale.put("salesPersons", SalesPerson[].class);
sale.put("items", "OrderItem[]");	 // The property type is the name itself appended by []

epService.getEPAdministrator().getConfiguration().
    addEventType("SaleEvent", sale);

select userids[0], salesPersons[1].name, 
    items[1], items[1].price.amount from SaleEvent

For NEsper .NET also see Section C.9, “.NET XML Events”.

Events can be represented as org.w3c.dom.Node instances and send into the engine via the sendEvent method on EPRuntime or via EventSender. Please note that configuration is required so the event type name and root element name is known. See Chapter 16, Configuration.

If a XML schema document (XSD file) can be made available as part of the configuration, then Esper can read the schema and appropriately present event type metadata and validate statements that use the event type and its properties. See Section 2.8.1, “Schema-Provided XML Events”.

When no XML schema document is provided, XML events can still be queried, however the return type and return values of property expressions are string-only and no event type metadata is available other than for explicitly configured properties. See Section 2.8.2, “No-Schema-Provided XML Events”.

In all cases Esper allows you to configure explicit XPath expressions as event properties. You can specify arbitrary XPath functions or expressions and provide a property name and type by which result values will be available for use in EPL statements. See Section 2.8.3, “Explicitly-Configured Properties”.

Nested, mapped and indexed event properties are also supported in expressions against org.w3c.dom.Node events. Thus XML trees can conveniently be interrogated via the property expression syntax.

Only one event type per root element name may be configured. The engine recognizes each event by its root element name or you may use EventSender to send events.

This section uses the following XML document as an example:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Sensor xmlns="SensorSchema">
  <ID>urn:epc:1:4.16.36</ID>
  <Observation Command="READ_PALLET_TAGS_ONLY">
    <ID>00000001</ID>
    <Tag>
      <ID>urn:epc:1:2.24.400</ID>
    </Tag>
    <Tag>
      <ID>urn:epc:1:2.24.401</ID>
    </Tag>
  </Observation>
</Sensor>

The schema for the example is:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">

  <xs:element name="Sensor">
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:sequence>
        <xs:element name="ID" type="xs:string"/>
        <xs:element ref="Observation" />
      </xs:sequence>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>

  <xs:element name="Observation">
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:sequence>
        <xs:element name="ID" type="xs:string"/>
        <xs:element ref="Tag" maxOccurs="unbounded" />
      </xs:sequence>
      <xs:attribute name="Command" type="xs:string" use="required" />
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>

  <xs:element name="Tag">
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:sequence>
        <xs:element name="ID" type="xs:string"/>
      </xs:sequence>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
</xs:schema>

URL schemaURL = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("sensor.xsd");
// For NEsper .NET use C# ResourceManager class for loading resources

epService = EPServiceProviderManager.getDefaultProvider();
ConfigurationEventTypeXMLDOM sensorcfg = new ConfigurationEventTypeXMLDOM();
sensorcfg.setRootElementName("Sensor");
sensorcfg.setSchemaResource(schemaURL.toString());
epService.getEPAdministrator().getConfiguration()
    .addEventType("SensorEvent", sensorcfg);

select ID, Observation.Command, Observation.ID, 
  Observation.Tag[0].ID, Observation.Tag[1].ID
from SensorEvent

InputSource source = new InputSource(new StringReader(xml));
DocumentBuilderFactory builderFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
builderFactory.setNamespaceAware(true);
Document doc = builderFactory.newDocumentBuilder().parse(source);

epService.getEPRuntime().sendEvent(doc);

select nested.mapped('key').indexed[1].attribute from MyEvent

/n0:rootelement/n0:nested/n0:mapped[@id='key']/n0:indexed[position() = 2]/@attribute

<item>
  <book sku="8800090">
    <author>Isaac Asimov</author>
    <author>Robert A Heinlein</author>
  </book>
</item>

select Origin?.LocationCode from SensorEvent

insert into ObservationStream
select ID, Observation from SensorEvent

select Observation.Command, Observation.Tag[0].ID from ObservationStream

insert into TagListStream
select ID as sensorId, Observation.* from SensorEvent

select sensorId, Command, Tag[0].ID from TagListStream

EventSender sender = epRuntime.getEventSender("SensorEvent");
sender.sendEvent(node);

System.setProperty(DOMImplementationRegistry.PROPERTY, 
  "com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.dom.DOMXSImplementationSourceImpl");

epService = EPServiceProviderManager.getDefaultProvider();
ConfigurationEventTypeXMLDOM sensorcfg = new ConfigurationEventTypeXMLDOM();
sensorcfg.addXPathProperty("countTags", "count(/ss:Sensor/ss:Observation/ss:Tag)", 
    XPathConstants.NUMBER);
sensorcfg.addNamespacePrefix("ss", "SensorSchema");
sensorcfg.setRootElementName("Sensor");
epService.getEPAdministrator().getConfiguration()
    .addEventType("SensorEvent", sensorcfg);

select countTags from SensorEvent

sensorcfg.addXPathProperty("countTags", "count(/ss:Sensor/ss:Observation/ss:Tag)", 
    XPathConstants.NUMBER, "int");

sensorcfg.addXPathProperty("idarray", "//ss:Tag/ss:ID", 
    XPathConstants.NODESET, "String[]");

sensorcfg.addXPathPropertyFragment("tagOne", "//ss:Tag[position() = 1]", 
    XPathConstants.NODE, "TagEvent");
sensorcfg.addXPathPropertyFragment("tagArray", "//ss:Tag", 
    XPathConstants.NODESET, "TagEvent");

ConfigurationEventTypeXMLDOM tagcfg = new ConfigurationEventTypeXMLDOM();
tagcfg.setRootElementName("//Tag");
tagcfg.setSchemaResource(schemaURL);
epAdministrator.getConfiguration()
    .addEventType("TagEvent", tagcfg);

insert into TagOneStream select tagOne.* from SensorEvent

select ID from TagOneStream

insert into TagArrayStream select tagArray as mytags from SensorEvent

select mytags[0].ID from TagArrayStream

Part of the extension and plug-in features of Esper is an event representation API. This set of classes allow an application to create new event types and event instances based on information available elsewhere, statically or dynamically at runtime when EPL statements are created. Please see Section 18.8, “Event Type And Event Object” for details.

Creating a plug-in event representation can be useful when your application has existing Java classes that carry event metadata and event property values and your application does not want to (or cannot) extract or transform such event metadata and event data into one of the built-in event representations (POJO Java objects, Map, Object-array or XML DOM).

Further use of a plug-in event representation is to provide a faster or short-cut access path to event data. For example, access to event data stored in a XML format through the Streaming API for XML (StAX) is known to be very efficient. A plug-in event representation can also provide network lookup and dynamic resolution of event type and dynamic sourcing of event instances.

Currently, EsperIO provides the following additional event representations:

Please see the EsperIO documentation for details on the above.

The chapter on Section 18.8, “Event Type And Event Object” explains how to create your own custom event representation.

The first means to handle updating events is the update istream clause as further described in Section 5.20, “Updating an Insert Stream: the Update IStream Clause”. It is useful when you need to update events as they enter a stream, before events are evaluated by any particular consuming statement to that stream.

The second means to update events is the on-merge and on-update clauses, for use with tables and named windows only, as further described in Section 6.8, “Triggered Upsert using the On-Merge Clause” and Section 6.6, “Updating Data: the On Update clause”. On-merge is similar to the SQL merge clause and provides what is known as an "Upsert" operation: Update existing events or if no existing event(s) are found then insert a new event, all in one atomic operation provided by a single EPL statement. On-update can be used to update individual properties of rows held in a table or named window.

The third means to handle updating events is the revision event types, for use with named windows only, as further described in Section 6.11, “Versioning and Revision Event Type Use with Named Windows”. With revision event types one can declare, via configuration only, multiple different event types and then have the engine present a merged event type that contains a superset of properties of all merged types, and have the engine merge events as they arrive without additional EPL statements.

Note that patterns do not reflect changes to past events. For the temporal nature of patterns, any changes to events that were observed in the past do not reflect upon current pattern state.

To extract information from a coarse-grained event or to perform bulk operations on the rows of the property graph in an event, Esper provides a convenient syntax: When specifying a filter expression in a pattern or in a select clause, it may contain a contained-event selection syntax, as further described in Section 5.19, “Contained-Event Selection”.

For NEsper .NET also see Section C.10, “.NET Event Objects Instantiated and Populated by Insert Into”.

The insert into clause can populate instantiate new instances of Java object events, java.util.Map events and Object[] (object array) events directly from the results of select clause expressions and populate such instances. Simply use the event type name as the stream name in the insert into clause as described in Section 5.10, “Merging Streams and Continuous Insertion: the Insert Into Clause”.

If instead you have an existing instance of a Java object returned by an expression, such as a single-row function or static method invocation for example, you can transpose that expression result object to a stream. This is described further in Section 5.10.7, “Transposing an Expression Result” and Section 10.4, “Select-Clause transpose Function”.

The column names specified in the select and insert into clause must match available writable properties in the event object to be populated (the target event type). The expression result types of any expressions in the select clause must also be compatible with the property types of the target event type.

If populating a POJO-based event type and the class provides a matching constructor, the expression result types of expressions in the select clause must be compatible with the constructor parameters in the order listed by the constructor. The insert into clause column names are not relevant in this case.

Consider the following example statement:

insert into com.mycompany.NewEmployeeEvent 
select fname as firstName, lname as lastName from HRSystemEvent

The above example specifies the fully-qualified class name of NewEmployeeEvent. The engine instantianes NewEmployeeEvent for each result row and populates the firstName and lastName properties of each instance from the result of select clause expressions. The HRSystemEvent in the example is assumed to have lname and fname properties, and either setter-methods and a default constructor, or a matching constructor.

Note how the example uses the as-keyword to assign column names that match the property names of the NewEmployeeEvent target event. If the property names of the source and target events are the same, the as-keyword is not required.

The next example is an alternate form and specifies property names within the insert into clause instead. The example also assumes that NewEmployeeEvent has been defined or imported via configuration since it does not specify the event class package name:

insert into NewEmployeeEvent(firstName, lastName) 
select fname, lname from HRSystemEvent

Finally, this example populates HRSystemEvent events. The example populates the value of a type property where the event has the value 'NEW' and populates a new event object with the value 'HIRED', copying the fname and lname property values to the new event object:

insert into HRSystemEvent 
select fname, lname, 'HIRED' as type from HRSystemEvent(type='NEW')

The matching of the select or insert into-clause column names to target event type's property names is case-sensitive. It is allowed to only populate a subset of all available columns in the target event type. Wildcard (*) is also allowed and copies all fields of the events or multiple events in a join.

For Java object events, your event class must provide setter-methods according to JavaBean conventions or, alternatively, a matching constructor. If the event class provides setter methods the class should also provide a default constructor taking no parameters. If the event class provides a matching constructor there is no need for setter-methods. If your event class does not have a default constructor and setter methods, or a matching constructor, your application may configure a factory method via ConfigurationEventTypeLegacy. If your event class does not have a default constructor and there is no factory method provided, the engine uses in connection with the Oracle JVM the sun.reflect.ReflectionFactory, noting that in this case member variables do not get initialized to assigned defaults.

The engine follows Java standards in terms of widening, performing widening automatically in cases where widening type conversion is allowed without loss of precision, for both boxed and primitive types and including BigInteger and BigDecimal.

When inserting array-typed properties into a Java, Map-type or Object-array underlying event the event definition should declare the target property as an array.

Please note the following limitations:

Each of the event representations of Java object, Map and XML document has advantages and disadvantages that are summarized in the table below: